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Eng 301 - Assignment 5 Solutions by VUsolutions

Question No.1

1. “It is the instrument which enables manufacturers, producers, retailers and consumers to obtain goods at a time when they can be used or sold even if ready cash is not available.” Match the statement with one of the following.

Correct option
b) Credit letter

2. Collection letter must be:

Correct option
b) Demanding

3. The purpose of a_______ letter is to get money, to keep the customer and future business and to build goodwill.

Correct option
c) Collection

4. CSP stands for:

Correct option
b)Central Selling Point

5. According to Psychologists, 50 percent of an interview’s decision is made within how many seconds?

Correct option
c) 30 to 60 seconds



Question No.2

What is five W and one H approach?

The five W's (who, what, when, where and why) and one H (how) are used to understand the system in the analysis and design phases.

1. What - Understanding the Concept
It helps improve the performance of an organization by reducing the variations in the services and products and providing good quality products. It is a tool to improve the efficiency and the effectiveness of the organization.

2. Why - The Objective of the Project
Achieving Six Sigma is the objective of the project. It means that the goal is to improve the processes and products to the extent of delivering defect free products and services. It requires listening to internal and external customers of the process to bring about the best product, which meets customer requirements.

3. Who - The People Involved
Six Sigma requires the involvement of all members of the organization, from the senior management to those in charge of the processes. Top management decides and appoints sponsors, who in turn will select the Champions, Master Black Belts, Black Belts and Green Belts.

4. Where - Location for Implementation
Six Sigma is applied to all processes of the business. Initially, it can be aimed at a strong problem area, but with the advantages of the project visible to everyone, it can be implemented in all the processes and products as well.
The entire organization will thus undergo a change to ensure increased profits due to improved quality and customer satisfaction.

5. When - When to Apply Six Sigma
Initially, Six Sigma can be applied to problem areas where customer satisfaction is lacking. It can be applied when the need is felt to improve and retain the organization's leadership position in the industry, as well as market share.

6. How - How to Apply Six Sigma
Six Sigma projects are aimed at improving existing processes and eliminating the defects using the DMAIC roadmap. They can also achieve success by bringing about an entire process redesign or new product development using the DFSS roadmap. Process management is useful when existing process improvements need to be sustained.

Eng 301 - Assignment 5 Solutions by VUsolutions

Question No.1

1. “It is the instrument which enables manufacturers, producers, retailers and consumers to obtain goods at a time when they can be used or sold even if ready cash is not available.” Match the statement with one of the following.

Correct option
b) Credit letter

2. Collection letter must be:

Correct option
b) Demanding

3. The purpose of a_______ letter is to get money, to keep the customer and future business and to build goodwill.

Correct option
c) Collection

4. CSP stands for:

Correct option
b)Central Selling Point

5. According to Psychologists, 50 percent of an interview’s decision is made within how many seconds?

Correct option
c) 30 to 60 seconds



Question No.2

What is five W and one H approach?

The five W's (who, what, when, where and why) and one H (how) are used to understand the system in the analysis and design phases.

1. What - Understanding the Concept
It helps improve the performance of an organization by reducing the variations in the services and products and providing good quality products. It is a tool to improve the efficiency and the effectiveness of the organization.

2. Why - The Objective of the Project
Achieving Six Sigma is the objective of the project. It means that the goal is to improve the processes and products to the extent of delivering defect free products and services. It requires listening to internal and external customers of the process to bring about the best product, which meets customer requirements.

3. Who - The People Involved
Six Sigma requires the involvement of all members of the organization, from the senior management to those in charge of the processes. Top management decides and appoints sponsors, who in turn will select the Champions, Master Black Belts, Black Belts and Green Belts.

4. Where - Location for Implementation
Six Sigma is applied to all processes of the business. Initially, it can be aimed at a strong problem area, but with the advantages of the project visible to everyone, it can be implemented in all the processes and products as well.
The entire organization will thus undergo a change to ensure increased profits due to improved quality and customer satisfaction.

5. When - When to Apply Six Sigma
Initially, Six Sigma can be applied to problem areas where customer satisfaction is lacking. It can be applied when the need is felt to improve and retain the organization's leadership position in the industry, as well as market share.

6. How - How to Apply Six Sigma
Six Sigma projects are aimed at improving existing processes and eliminating the defects using the DMAIC roadmap. They can also achieve success by bringing about an entire process redesign or new product development using the DFSS roadmap. Process management is useful when existing process improvements need to be sustained.

CS201- Introduction to Programming Solution

Problem Statement:

Write a c++ program which consists of two classes:

1. Date

2. Student

First class Date should contain three data members:

Day

Month

Year

Date also contain following member functions:

Setter function

Getter function

showdate()



Now second class Student should have following three data members:

ST_ID

Name

Ad_date

Where ID and Name are char pointer while Ad_date (Date of Admission) is of type Date.



Student class should contain two member functions:

Display()

setdate()

Now in main function create an object of Class Student and call the member functions with it.

=========================================================

Sample output:



Name: Ali

ID: BC020400000

Admission Date: 12-08-2008



==========================================================





__________________________________________



SOLUTION:



// header file section

#include

#include

using namespace std;



class Date

{

public: int day;

int month;

int year;



public://Constructor

Date()

{

day=0;

month=0;

year=0;

}

//Member function declaration

//Mutator functions

void setDay(int);

void setMonth(int);

void setYear(int);

//Accessor functions

int getDate();

int getMonth();

int getYear();

//show date function

void showDate();

}

//member function definitions



void Date::setDate(int d)

{

//input validation

if (d<1>31)

{

cout<<"Invalid month please reenter it";

cin>>d;

}//end if

day=d;

}//end set day



void Date::setMonth(int m)

{

//input validation

if(m<1>12)

{

cout<<"invalid month please reenter it";

cin>>m;

}//end if

month=m;

}//end set month



void Date::setYear(int y)

{

year=y;

}//end set year



int Date::getDay()

{

return day;

}//end get day



int Date::getMonth()

{

return month;

}//end get month



int Date::getYear()

{

return year;

}//end get year



void Date:: showDate()

{

cout<

}

class Student

{

public:

char *ST_ID;

char *Name;

Date Ad_date;

public:

student()

{

Name=new char[20];

ST_ID=new char[10];

cout<<"Enter name:";

cin.getline(Name,20);

cout<<"Enter ID:";

cin.getline(ST_ID,10);

}

void setdate()

{

cout<<"Enter Day:";

cin>>Ad_date.day;

cout<<"Enter Month:";

cin>>Ad_date.month;

cout<<"Enter Year:";

cin>>Ad_date.year;

}

void Display()

{

cout<<"Name:"<

cout<<"ID:"<

cout<<"Admission Date:";

Ad_date.showDate();

}

};

main()

{

object.setDate();

object.display();

//pause system for a while

system("pause");

}//end main

CS201- Introduction to Programming Solution

Problem Statement:

Write a c++ program which consists of two classes:

1. Date

2. Student

First class Date should contain three data members:

Day

Month

Year

Date also contain following member functions:

Setter function

Getter function

showdate()



Now second class Student should have following three data members:

ST_ID

Name

Ad_date

Where ID and Name are char pointer while Ad_date (Date of Admission) is of type Date.



Student class should contain two member functions:

Display()

setdate()

Now in main function create an object of Class Student and call the member functions with it.

=========================================================

Sample output:



Name: Ali

ID: BC020400000

Admission Date: 12-08-2008



==========================================================





__________________________________________



SOLUTION:



// header file section

#include

#include

using namespace std;



class Date

{

public: int day;

int month;

int year;



public://Constructor

Date()

{

day=0;

month=0;

year=0;

}

//Member function declaration

//Mutator functions

void setDay(int);

void setMonth(int);

void setYear(int);

//Accessor functions

int getDate();

int getMonth();

int getYear();

//show date function

void showDate();

}

//member function definitions



void Date::setDate(int d)

{

//input validation

if (d<1>31)

{

cout<<"Invalid month please reenter it";

cin>>d;

}//end if

day=d;

}//end set day



void Date::setMonth(int m)

{

//input validation

if(m<1>12)

{

cout<<"invalid month please reenter it";

cin>>m;

}//end if

month=m;

}//end set month



void Date::setYear(int y)

{

year=y;

}//end set year



int Date::getDay()

{

return day;

}//end get day



int Date::getMonth()

{

return month;

}//end get month



int Date::getYear()

{

return year;

}//end get year



void Date:: showDate()

{

cout<

}

class Student

{

public:

char *ST_ID;

char *Name;

Date Ad_date;

public:

student()

{

Name=new char[20];

ST_ID=new char[10];

cout<<"Enter name:";

cin.getline(Name,20);

cout<<"Enter ID:";

cin.getline(ST_ID,10);

}

void setdate()

{

cout<<"Enter Day:";

cin>>Ad_date.day;

cout<<"Enter Month:";

cin>>Ad_date.month;

cout<<"Enter Year:";

cin>>Ad_date.year;

}

void Display()

{

cout<<"Name:"<

cout<<"ID:"<

cout<<"Admission Date:";

Ad_date.showDate();

}

};

main()

{

object.setDate();

object.display();

//pause system for a while

system("pause");

}//end main

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CS-507
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Eng 301 - Assignment 4 Solutions by VUsolutions

SOLUTION # 1

ENG301 (Business Communication)

Spring 2009

Assignment # 4 Total Marks: 20

Objectives:

To asses students’ knowledge of the subject and to motivate them towards conceptual knowledge and practical application of the subject.

Question No.1 (10)

Write a detailed note on resume in general from employer’s point of view.

Answer

Despite their terrific academic success, many well-qualified candidates lack the confidence to write their own professional resume. Some are unsure how to market themselves, while others have difficulty quantifying their professional achievements. Many job hunters brainstorm for weeks, only to produce a vague first draft that doesn't convey their unique strengths and talents.

For these candidates, we offer comprehensive, start-to-finish assistance through all phases of the resume and cover letter writing process. We will collect relevant personal information about you and organize a resume that markets your unique strengths and accomplishments.

Our writers are all Ivy League graduates with 20 + years experience in human resource management. We know how to draft a resume and cover letter from the employer's point of view, emphasizing the skills and talents essential in a competitive marketplace. Your carefully crafted resume will generate an enthusiastic response in the typical 15 - 30 second screening period.

For one low price, clients will receive:

1) a well-designed resume that showcases your marketable skills
2) a personalized cover letter
3) a post-interview thank you letter

Question No.2 Describe dos and don’ts of writing an effective cover letter.

Answer (2)

Most people are familiar with the importance of a well-constructed resume, and put a fair amount of time into creating one. But just as important is the cover letter that accompanies and introduces your resume

In an extremely competitive job market, neglecting your cover letter is a big mistake. Why? A cover letter is your first opportunity to tell a prospective employer about yourself, and to do so in your own words. Like a written interview, a cover letter gives you the opportunity to point out applicable experience and qualities that make you right for the job. And just like any other important job searching tool, there are definite dos and don'ts to follow to make sure your cover letter is an asset, not a hindrance.

Do personalize your letter.
Nobody likes to receive impersonal mail. Cover letters that begin with phrases like "To Whom it May Concern," sound like random junk or bulk mail, rather than an important correspondence. You expect the company to take the time to read through your material, so you too need to take some time to research the correct addressee. Call the company, look on its Web site or talk to others to find the correct contact.

Don't send a generic cover letter to many different companies.
Hiring managers can spot a mass mailing a mile away. What gets their attention are letters that address the company -- and its needs -- specifically. Research the company prior to writing the letter. Check out recent news and read through the company's Web site, and then incorporate what you learned into your letter. Doing so will demonstrate to employers that you are informed, motivated and willing to go the extra mile.

Do address the specific position advertised.
Companies that post openings are making your life easier by telling you the qualities they are seeking. Show the company that you paid attention. If a company advertises that it is looking for sales experience, make sure you address your sales experience. One way to do this is by making a table for yourself before writing your letter. List the company's stated needs in one column, and your corresponding experience and qualifications in another column. You can then use that information to write a letter that tells them exactly what they want to know.

Don't make the reader work too hard to see that you are right for the position.
Include specific examples about your past successes and experience. If you are looking for a marketing position, give the reader detailed information about a marketing campaign you successfully executed. Don't just tell the reader that you are motivated. Give an example that shows your motivation. You need to lay all of your pertinent information out in a way that lets the person making the hiring decision easily see how your experience and qualities fit the company's needs.

Do get to the point.
Hiring managers receive letters and resumes from dozens and even hundreds of applicants, and often just don't have the time to read lengthy, wordy letters. Be direct. In the first paragraph, include the title of the position you are interested in and then move on to your specific qualifications immediately.

(b)

What do you know about methods of negotiation? Comment on each briefly. (5)

ANSWER

Negotiation is crucial in all organisations and in virtually every aspect of life. In essence, negotiating is deciding what to agree on and persuading the other party to agree. In order to decide and persuade, you need to gather the right information and determine what is of highest value and what is of lowest cost to both you and the other side. Often standard approaches fail and innovative thinking is required. Once made, agreements must be implemented and enforced to succeed. These five skills – information-gathering, rational decision-making, persuasion, innovation, and implementation – constitute the negotiator’s tool kit. We also include a session on ethics in negotiation, an element which we believe to be critically important to building trust among negotiators.

This programme, over five days at Oxford’s Saïd Business School, is designed to develop and strategically orchestrate these five skills, and to help you realise your full potential as a negotiator, enabling you effectively to reach agreements and resolve disputes. Past participants have included a rich mix of senior people from the public and private sectors.

Please feel free to contact me directly if you have questions about the programme.

/////////////////////////////////////////////////
SOLUTION # 2

Question No.1

Write a detailed note on resume in general from employer’s point of view.
A resume is an outline of your accomplishments that contains the strengths and enthusiasms that make you a unique individual. So you must decide what to include and what format to use keeping in mind the employer’s point of view that how can your resume depict the information what the employer wants.

From employer’s point of view:
• What can you do for me? The most effective way to show employers the value you offer is to show them how you've contributed to an employer's success elsewhere. Examples must be specific, measurable accomplishments that cite numbers and other details.

• Do you have the skills I'm looking for? Scan job ads and job descriptions to discover which skills are most relevant to the employers and recruiters receiving your resume. Then strategically place them throughout your résumé to ensure it makes it past computer scans and into the hands of employers and recruiters.

• Where have you worked before? Employers want to know where you worked, for how long and which job titles you've held that may indicate how prepared you are for a role at their organization.

• Is your experience relevant to my needs? Sometimes it's necessary to expand upon a job title or job description to truly demonstrate that you have experience that applies to the job you're seeking. Consider using bullets to present brief and interesting information that is relevant to the employer.

• Do you have the right education and credentials? If you have the education, credentials and training needed to qualify for the job, be sure to say so! Use commonly accepted terminology and keywords in this section to ensure your information isn't misinterpreted or overlooked by employers or resume scanners.

• What kind of person are you? "Adding insightful information about what makes you special can be a definite plus on your resume and help decision-makers discriminate between you and another candidate, even before you've met in person. Include "extras," such as a branding statement and relevant information about foreign languages you speak, computer proficiencies, etc.

• Do I see any "red flags" in your background? Gaps in employment (an indication of job hopping), spending too much time in the same job or resume errors may alert employers and recruiters that you are not the type of candidate they're looking for in their organization. To avoid drawing attention to "red flags" on your resume, make sure you make your accomplishments and skills stand out as strongly as possible.

• Can I easily get in touch with you? After all you’re hard work in putting together a powerful resume, don't forget the essentials! It doesn't matter how great your resume is, if you don't include a phone number, address and e-mail address somewhere on the resume, you'll never hear from the employer or recruiter.

One of the most important factors that employers weigh heavily is maturity. Employers will also want to know whether or not you have a professional demeanor. Your professionalism is something you need to prove to employers as soon as you contact their firm. Proving you can do a certain job is not enough? Companies, especially those hiring for management training programs, also want to see that you are going to grow within the company. What's more, you will have to project the image of a business-oriented person by showing an interest in the industry and in the business world in general. To be sure, employers also want to see that you can perform the job.

Question No.2

(a) Describe dos and don’ts of writing an effective cover letter.

Here are the keys to writing successful and dynamic cover letters. Follow these simple rules and we should achieve success in this important phase of job-hunting.

Dos for writing an effective cover letter:

• Address your letter to an appropriate individual with hiring power.

• Use simple language and uncomplicated sentence structure. Ruthlessly eliminate all unnecessary words. Follow the journalist's credo: Write tight!

• Write cover letters that are unique and specific to you.

• Keep your letter brief. Never, Never more than one page and it's best to keep it well under a full page. Each paragraph should have no more than one to three sentences.

• Tell the employer how you can meet his or her needs and contribute to the company.

• Distinguish your cover letter from those of other job-seekers by quantifying and giving examples that amplify and prove the claims you make in your letter.

• Try to answer the question that the employer will be asking while reading your letter:

• Avoid negativity. Negativity never has a place in a cover letter.

• Be sure the potential employer can reach you..

• Use e-mailed cover letters, but keeps them shorter and more concise.

Don’ts of writing an effective cover letter:

• Don't ever send your resume without a cover letter.

• Don't use a sexist salutation, such as "Gentlemen" when answering a blind ad.

• Don't waste your first paragraph by writing a boring introduction. Use the first paragraph to grab the employer's attention, give the employer the reasons you are qualified for the position.

• Don't use such clichés as "Enclosed please find my resume" or "As you can see on my resume enclosed here with." Employers can see that your resume is enclosed; they don't need you to tell them. Such trite phrases just waste precious space. And don’t use wordy phrases, which also waste space.

• Don't depend on the employer to take action. Request action. Request an interview, and tell the employer when you will follow up to arrange it. Then, Do So. It is imperative that you follow up. You will greatly increase your chances of getting interviews if you call the employer after writing instead of sitting back and waiting for a call. Those who wait for the employer to call them will generally have a long wait indeed.

• Don't send a cover letter that contains any typos, misspellings, incorrect grammar or punctuation, smudges, or grease from yesterday's lunch.

• Don't rehash your resume. You can use your cover letter to highlight the aspects of your resume that are relevant to the position, but you're wasting precious space -- and the potential employer's time -- if you simply repeat your resume.

• Don't forget to personally sign the letter, preferably in blue ink.

**********************************************

(b) What do you know about methods of negotiation? Comment on each briefly. (5)

Negotiating methods

In the negotiating process, the parties involved may choose one of five different negotiation methods. A skilful negotiator is able to identify them and recognize which one is being used by the other person.

1. Compromise
2. Collaboration
3. Competition
4. Accommodation
5. Withdrawal or avoidance

Compromise
It means to settle differences through concessions made by one or both parties and to arrive at expedient solutions under time pressure; and as a backup when collaboration or competition is unsuccessful. A compromise usually produces win-win or win-lose results. When the settlement meets the needs and goals of both parties (win-win), both are satisfied with the outcome. When the solution meets the needs and goals of only one party (win-lose), the other party is dissatisfied with the outcome.

Collaboration

It means to find an integrative solution when both sets of concerns are too important to be compromised; when your objective is to learn; to merge insights from people with different perspectives; to gain commitment by incorporating concerns into a consensus; and to work through feelings that have interfered with a relationship. On the other hand, it is time-consuming and demands good negotiating skills on each side.

Competition

Often leads to one party gaining advantage over the other, if it can negotiate at the expense of the other’s needs. Since the competitive approach usually produces a win-lose result, it is bad for personal relationships. The solution is likely to be temporary as there is no commitment from the losing party, so the problem will occur again. It also leaves the losing side in a difficult situation.

Accommodation

Means that only one party is willing to oblige or adapt to meet the needs of the other. It produces a win-lose outcome. However, this method is useful for negotiating on minor matters. The result can go one way or the other. It is suitable if the accommodating party does not really care about the loss.
However, the negotiating parties may not bother to look for creative solutions. With this negotiations method, points of view are easily swayed.

Withdrawal or avoidance

Withdrawal (avoidance) is a negotiation method that makes both parties lose, because one party retracts their point of view or backs away form the situation. Such dissatisfaction may lead to conflict in the future. The choices you make are influenced by the context in which you negotiate and by your range of personal communication and negotiation skills.

Eng 301 - Assignment 4 Solutions by VUsolutions

SOLUTION # 1

ENG301 (Business Communication)

Spring 2009

Assignment # 4 Total Marks: 20

Objectives:

To asses students’ knowledge of the subject and to motivate them towards conceptual knowledge and practical application of the subject.

Question No.1 (10)

Write a detailed note on resume in general from employer’s point of view.

Answer

Despite their terrific academic success, many well-qualified candidates lack the confidence to write their own professional resume. Some are unsure how to market themselves, while others have difficulty quantifying their professional achievements. Many job hunters brainstorm for weeks, only to produce a vague first draft that doesn't convey their unique strengths and talents.

For these candidates, we offer comprehensive, start-to-finish assistance through all phases of the resume and cover letter writing process. We will collect relevant personal information about you and organize a resume that markets your unique strengths and accomplishments.

Our writers are all Ivy League graduates with 20 + years experience in human resource management. We know how to draft a resume and cover letter from the employer's point of view, emphasizing the skills and talents essential in a competitive marketplace. Your carefully crafted resume will generate an enthusiastic response in the typical 15 - 30 second screening period.

For one low price, clients will receive:

1) a well-designed resume that showcases your marketable skills
2) a personalized cover letter
3) a post-interview thank you letter

Question No.2 Describe dos and don’ts of writing an effective cover letter.

Answer (2)

Most people are familiar with the importance of a well-constructed resume, and put a fair amount of time into creating one. But just as important is the cover letter that accompanies and introduces your resume

In an extremely competitive job market, neglecting your cover letter is a big mistake. Why? A cover letter is your first opportunity to tell a prospective employer about yourself, and to do so in your own words. Like a written interview, a cover letter gives you the opportunity to point out applicable experience and qualities that make you right for the job. And just like any other important job searching tool, there are definite dos and don'ts to follow to make sure your cover letter is an asset, not a hindrance.

Do personalize your letter.
Nobody likes to receive impersonal mail. Cover letters that begin with phrases like "To Whom it May Concern," sound like random junk or bulk mail, rather than an important correspondence. You expect the company to take the time to read through your material, so you too need to take some time to research the correct addressee. Call the company, look on its Web site or talk to others to find the correct contact.

Don't send a generic cover letter to many different companies.
Hiring managers can spot a mass mailing a mile away. What gets their attention are letters that address the company -- and its needs -- specifically. Research the company prior to writing the letter. Check out recent news and read through the company's Web site, and then incorporate what you learned into your letter. Doing so will demonstrate to employers that you are informed, motivated and willing to go the extra mile.

Do address the specific position advertised.
Companies that post openings are making your life easier by telling you the qualities they are seeking. Show the company that you paid attention. If a company advertises that it is looking for sales experience, make sure you address your sales experience. One way to do this is by making a table for yourself before writing your letter. List the company's stated needs in one column, and your corresponding experience and qualifications in another column. You can then use that information to write a letter that tells them exactly what they want to know.

Don't make the reader work too hard to see that you are right for the position.
Include specific examples about your past successes and experience. If you are looking for a marketing position, give the reader detailed information about a marketing campaign you successfully executed. Don't just tell the reader that you are motivated. Give an example that shows your motivation. You need to lay all of your pertinent information out in a way that lets the person making the hiring decision easily see how your experience and qualities fit the company's needs.

Do get to the point.
Hiring managers receive letters and resumes from dozens and even hundreds of applicants, and often just don't have the time to read lengthy, wordy letters. Be direct. In the first paragraph, include the title of the position you are interested in and then move on to your specific qualifications immediately.

(b)

What do you know about methods of negotiation? Comment on each briefly. (5)

ANSWER

Negotiation is crucial in all organisations and in virtually every aspect of life. In essence, negotiating is deciding what to agree on and persuading the other party to agree. In order to decide and persuade, you need to gather the right information and determine what is of highest value and what is of lowest cost to both you and the other side. Often standard approaches fail and innovative thinking is required. Once made, agreements must be implemented and enforced to succeed. These five skills – information-gathering, rational decision-making, persuasion, innovation, and implementation – constitute the negotiator’s tool kit. We also include a session on ethics in negotiation, an element which we believe to be critically important to building trust among negotiators.

This programme, over five days at Oxford’s Saïd Business School, is designed to develop and strategically orchestrate these five skills, and to help you realise your full potential as a negotiator, enabling you effectively to reach agreements and resolve disputes. Past participants have included a rich mix of senior people from the public and private sectors.

Please feel free to contact me directly if you have questions about the programme.

/////////////////////////////////////////////////
SOLUTION # 2

Question No.1

Write a detailed note on resume in general from employer’s point of view.
A resume is an outline of your accomplishments that contains the strengths and enthusiasms that make you a unique individual. So you must decide what to include and what format to use keeping in mind the employer’s point of view that how can your resume depict the information what the employer wants.

From employer’s point of view:
• What can you do for me? The most effective way to show employers the value you offer is to show them how you've contributed to an employer's success elsewhere. Examples must be specific, measurable accomplishments that cite numbers and other details.

• Do you have the skills I'm looking for? Scan job ads and job descriptions to discover which skills are most relevant to the employers and recruiters receiving your resume. Then strategically place them throughout your résumé to ensure it makes it past computer scans and into the hands of employers and recruiters.

• Where have you worked before? Employers want to know where you worked, for how long and which job titles you've held that may indicate how prepared you are for a role at their organization.

• Is your experience relevant to my needs? Sometimes it's necessary to expand upon a job title or job description to truly demonstrate that you have experience that applies to the job you're seeking. Consider using bullets to present brief and interesting information that is relevant to the employer.

• Do you have the right education and credentials? If you have the education, credentials and training needed to qualify for the job, be sure to say so! Use commonly accepted terminology and keywords in this section to ensure your information isn't misinterpreted or overlooked by employers or resume scanners.

• What kind of person are you? "Adding insightful information about what makes you special can be a definite plus on your resume and help decision-makers discriminate between you and another candidate, even before you've met in person. Include "extras," such as a branding statement and relevant information about foreign languages you speak, computer proficiencies, etc.

• Do I see any "red flags" in your background? Gaps in employment (an indication of job hopping), spending too much time in the same job or resume errors may alert employers and recruiters that you are not the type of candidate they're looking for in their organization. To avoid drawing attention to "red flags" on your resume, make sure you make your accomplishments and skills stand out as strongly as possible.

• Can I easily get in touch with you? After all you’re hard work in putting together a powerful resume, don't forget the essentials! It doesn't matter how great your resume is, if you don't include a phone number, address and e-mail address somewhere on the resume, you'll never hear from the employer or recruiter.

One of the most important factors that employers weigh heavily is maturity. Employers will also want to know whether or not you have a professional demeanor. Your professionalism is something you need to prove to employers as soon as you contact their firm. Proving you can do a certain job is not enough? Companies, especially those hiring for management training programs, also want to see that you are going to grow within the company. What's more, you will have to project the image of a business-oriented person by showing an interest in the industry and in the business world in general. To be sure, employers also want to see that you can perform the job.

Question No.2

(a) Describe dos and don’ts of writing an effective cover letter.

Here are the keys to writing successful and dynamic cover letters. Follow these simple rules and we should achieve success in this important phase of job-hunting.

Dos for writing an effective cover letter:

• Address your letter to an appropriate individual with hiring power.

• Use simple language and uncomplicated sentence structure. Ruthlessly eliminate all unnecessary words. Follow the journalist's credo: Write tight!

• Write cover letters that are unique and specific to you.

• Keep your letter brief. Never, Never more than one page and it's best to keep it well under a full page. Each paragraph should have no more than one to three sentences.

• Tell the employer how you can meet his or her needs and contribute to the company.

• Distinguish your cover letter from those of other job-seekers by quantifying and giving examples that amplify and prove the claims you make in your letter.

• Try to answer the question that the employer will be asking while reading your letter:

• Avoid negativity. Negativity never has a place in a cover letter.

• Be sure the potential employer can reach you..

• Use e-mailed cover letters, but keeps them shorter and more concise.

Don’ts of writing an effective cover letter:

• Don't ever send your resume without a cover letter.

• Don't use a sexist salutation, such as "Gentlemen" when answering a blind ad.

• Don't waste your first paragraph by writing a boring introduction. Use the first paragraph to grab the employer's attention, give the employer the reasons you are qualified for the position.

• Don't use such clichés as "Enclosed please find my resume" or "As you can see on my resume enclosed here with." Employers can see that your resume is enclosed; they don't need you to tell them. Such trite phrases just waste precious space. And don’t use wordy phrases, which also waste space.

• Don't depend on the employer to take action. Request action. Request an interview, and tell the employer when you will follow up to arrange it. Then, Do So. It is imperative that you follow up. You will greatly increase your chances of getting interviews if you call the employer after writing instead of sitting back and waiting for a call. Those who wait for the employer to call them will generally have a long wait indeed.

• Don't send a cover letter that contains any typos, misspellings, incorrect grammar or punctuation, smudges, or grease from yesterday's lunch.

• Don't rehash your resume. You can use your cover letter to highlight the aspects of your resume that are relevant to the position, but you're wasting precious space -- and the potential employer's time -- if you simply repeat your resume.

• Don't forget to personally sign the letter, preferably in blue ink.

**********************************************

(b) What do you know about methods of negotiation? Comment on each briefly. (5)

Negotiating methods

In the negotiating process, the parties involved may choose one of five different negotiation methods. A skilful negotiator is able to identify them and recognize which one is being used by the other person.

1. Compromise
2. Collaboration
3. Competition
4. Accommodation
5. Withdrawal or avoidance

Compromise
It means to settle differences through concessions made by one or both parties and to arrive at expedient solutions under time pressure; and as a backup when collaboration or competition is unsuccessful. A compromise usually produces win-win or win-lose results. When the settlement meets the needs and goals of both parties (win-win), both are satisfied with the outcome. When the solution meets the needs and goals of only one party (win-lose), the other party is dissatisfied with the outcome.

Collaboration

It means to find an integrative solution when both sets of concerns are too important to be compromised; when your objective is to learn; to merge insights from people with different perspectives; to gain commitment by incorporating concerns into a consensus; and to work through feelings that have interfered with a relationship. On the other hand, it is time-consuming and demands good negotiating skills on each side.

Competition

Often leads to one party gaining advantage over the other, if it can negotiate at the expense of the other’s needs. Since the competitive approach usually produces a win-lose result, it is bad for personal relationships. The solution is likely to be temporary as there is no commitment from the losing party, so the problem will occur again. It also leaves the losing side in a difficult situation.

Accommodation

Means that only one party is willing to oblige or adapt to meet the needs of the other. It produces a win-lose outcome. However, this method is useful for negotiating on minor matters. The result can go one way or the other. It is suitable if the accommodating party does not really care about the loss.
However, the negotiating parties may not bother to look for creative solutions. With this negotiations method, points of view are easily swayed.

Withdrawal or avoidance

Withdrawal (avoidance) is a negotiation method that makes both parties lose, because one party retracts their point of view or backs away form the situation. Such dissatisfaction may lead to conflict in the future. The choices you make are influenced by the context in which you negotiate and by your range of personal communication and negotiation skills.